Who's Who In Telecommunication World

The legal status of the world's telephone companies varies considerably from country to country. At one extreme is the United States, which has 1500 separate, privately owned telephone companies. Before it was broken up in 1984, AT&T, at that time the world's largest corporation, completely dominated the scene. It provided telephone service to about 80 percent of America's telephones, spread throughout half of its geographical area, with all the other companies combined servicing the remaining (mostly rural) customers. Since the breakup, AT&T continues to provide long-distance service, although now in competition with other companies. The seven Regional Bell Operating Companies that were split off from AT&T and numerous independents provide local and cellular telephone service. Due to frequent mergers and other changes, the industry is in a constant state of flux.
Companies in the United States that provide communication services to the public are called common carriers. Their offerings and prices are described by a document called a tariff, which must be approved by the Federal Communications Commission for the interstate and international traffic and by the state public utilities commissions for intrastate traffic.
At the other extreme are countries in which the national government has a complete monopoly on all communication, including the mail, telegraph, telephone, and often, radio and television. Most of the world falls in this category. In some cases the telecommunication authority is a nationalized company, and in others it is simply a branch of the government, usually known as the PTT (Post, Telegraph & Telephone administration). Worldwide, the trend is toward liberalization and competition and away from government monopoly. Most European countries have now (partially) privatized their PTTs, but elsewhere the process is still slowly gaining steam.
With all these different suppliers of services, there is clearly a need to provide compatibility on a worldwide scale to ensure that people (and computers) in one country can call their counterparts in another one. Actually, this need has existed for a long time. In 1865, representatives from many European governments met to form the predecessor to today's ITU (International Telecommunication Union). Its job was standardizing international telecommunications, which in those days meant telegraphy. Even then it was clear that if half the countries used Morse code and the other half used some other code, there was going to be a problem. When the telephone
was put into international service, ITU took over the job of standardizing telephony (pronounced te-LEF-ony) as well. In 1947, ITU became an agency of the United Nations.
ITU has three main sectors:

1. Radio communications Sector (ITU-R).
2. Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T).
3. Development Sector (ITU-D).
ITU-R is concerned with allocating radio frequencies worldwide to the competing interest groups. We will focus primarily on ITU-T, which is concerned with telephone and data communication systems. From 1956 to 1993, ITU-T was known as CCITT, an acronym for its French name: Comité Consultatif International Télégraphique et Téléphonique. On March 1, 1993, CCITT was reorganized to make it less bureaucratic and renamed to reflect its new role. Both ITU-T and CCITT issued recommendations in the area of telephone and data communications. One still frequently runs into CCITT recommendations, such as CCITT X.25, although since 1993 recommendations bear the ITU-T label.
ITU-T has four classes of members:

1. National governments.
2. Sector members.
3. Associate members.
4. Regulatory agencies.

Napoleon : The Great

Napoleon I (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, later Napoléon Bonaparte) ^[1] (15 August 1769–5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who had significant impact on modern European history. He was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as Premier Consul of the French Republic, Empereur des Français, King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine.

Born in Corsica and trained in mainland France as an artillery officer, he first rose to prominence as a general of the French Revolution, leading several successful campaigns against the First Coalition and the Second Coalition arrayed against France. In late 1799, Napoleon staged a coup d'état and installed himself as First Consul; five years later he became the Emperor of the French. In the first decade of the nineteenth century, he turned the armies of France against almost every major European power, dominating continental Europe through a lengthy streak of military victories—epitomized through battles such as Austerlitz and Friedland—and through the formation of extensive alliance systems. He appointed close friends and several members of his family as monarchs and important government figures of French-dominated states.

The disastrous French invasion of Russia in 1812 marked a turning point in Napoleon's fortunes. The campaign wrecked the Grande Armée, which never regained its previous strength. In October 1813, the Sixth Coalition defeated his forces at Leipzig and then invaded France. The coalition forced Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814, exiling him to the island of Elba. Less than a year later, he returned to France and regained control of the government in the Hundred Days (les Cent Jours) prior to his final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815. Napoleon spent the remaining six years of his life under British supervision on the island of St. Helena. Napoleon developed relatively few military innovations, although his placement of artillery into batteries and the elevation of the army corps as the standard all-arms unit have become accepted doctrines in virtually all large modern armies. He drew his best tactics from a variety of sources and scored several major victories with a modernized and reformed French army. His campaigns are studied at military academies all over the world and he is widely regarded as one of history's greatest commanders. Aside from his military achievements, Napoleon is also remembered for the establishment of the Napoleonic Code (Code Napoléon), which laid the bureaucratic foundations for the modern French state.

ALBERT EINSTEIN : War and peace

In August 1939, just prior to outbreak of war in Europe, Einstein sent his "letter to president Roosevelt on atomic weapons".Einstein wrote, that Uranium could be fashioned into "Extremely powerful bombs of a new type". He expressed his fear that the NAZI regime may be working on an atomic weapons program, and urged a speeding up of experimental work on nuclear fission and for closer contact to be maintained between the U.S. government and the group of physicists working on fission in the United States.

In October 1939, partly due to Einstein's prompting, the president's advisory committee on Uranium was formed. Though he continued to urge expansion and greater co-ordination of atomic weapons research, Einstein declined an invitation, the following year, to become a member of an extended committee.

Today, the arm's race between United States and the Soviet Union had assumed a "hysterical character", and that with the advent of hydrogen bombs, "radioactive poisoning of the atmosphere and hence annihilation of any life on Earth has been brought within the range of technical possibilities.

TELNET: A Real Utility

Telnet is an older Internet utility that lets you log on to remote computers systems. It gives you a character-based terminal window on anathor system. You get a login promt on that system. Traditionally, Telnet has been used by people who have logins on remote systems and want to do serious work over there. But Telnet has some additional uses that are more relevant to people who are exploring the Internet.
Telnet is an Internet utility that lets you log onto remote computer systems. To run a telnet session, you have to run the Telnet client and then connect to the desired Telnet site.
Remote login(TELNET) is the process of accessing a network from a remote place without actually being at the place of working.

Nanotechnology and Medicines

Often hailed as a revolutionary new technology, nanotechnology has the caliber to impact almost every area of society. Nanotechnology involves major manipulating properties and structures at the nanoscale. Often involving dimensions that are just tiny fractions of the width of the human hair. Nanotechnology is being already used in products in its passive form, such as cosmetics and sunscreens, and it is expected that in the coming decades, new phases of products such as better batteries and improved electronic equipment will be developed.

ESTRASORB:
This is a tropical lotion that contains estrogen, which approved for the treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause. The product utilizes Novavax's patented and proprietary mi cellar nanoparticles drug-delivery platform. This technology involves the application of a cosmetic like, moisturising emulsion to deliver a therapeutic dose of 17a estradiol into the bloodstream when applied to the skin.

NANOSHELLS:
For people wipth cancer, chemotherapy, with its painful side effects, is often worst part of the treatment process. The next stein research will be to do a human trial.

INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS

The programmability of the industrial industrial robot using computer
software makes it both flexible in the way it works and versatile in the

range of tasks it can accomplish. The most generally accepted definition

of an industrial robot is a re programmable, multi-function manipulator
designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through
variable programmed motions to perform a variety of tasks.

Industrial robots can be floor-standing, bench top, or mobile.Industrial robots are classified in ways that relate to the characteristics of their control systems,
manipulator or arm geometry, and modes of operation.

A basic industrial robot classification relates to overall performance
and distinguishes between limited and unlimited sequence control. Four
classes are generally recognized: limited sequence and three forms of
unlimited sequence—point-to-point, continuous path, and controlled
path.

World In Your Pocket

GSM or CDMA - lets find the best for you

Talking to someone on a wireless device was a dream that transformed into thoughts and now it is showcasing its reality picture. Mobile has certainly synchronized itself with roti, kapra and maakan. In just a decade time or so, mobile phones have become indispensable for modern world. But how many of us really think as which technology best satisfies our needs - GSM or CDMA.

GSM:
Global system for mobile communications is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. This technology is based on subscriber identity module (SIM) , commonly known as the SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing user's subscription and phone book.

CDMA:
Code division multiple access (CDMA), is a wireless in local loop or WLL based mobile networking technology. This technology doesn't feature any SIM card. The main advantage of this is they work better inside buildings. This technology provides superior voice and data capabilities. CDMA internet speeds are up to 144Kbps.

Which is the BEST?
It is a debate that has raged ever since cell phones proliferated. Both the services are available in INDIA at a very competitive rates, and both have their own advantages. You have GSM players like Airtel, Hutch, Idea, BSNL on one hand whereas Reliance and Tata Indicom are major CDMA players. CDMA offers slightly faster data downloads. However we can have GSM and CDMA together. This is done in recently launched D88 by spice mobiles.